Fruit and Boll Feeders
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Identification
& Monitoring
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- This
is a major pest
- The
pest is active from July-October and February-April.
- The
adult moth is stout, yellowish brown with a dark speck area on the
forewings, which have grayish wavy lines and a black kidney shaped
mark whereas the hind wings are whitish with blackish patch along the
outer margin.
- The
larvae is about 35 mm long, greenish brown with dark gray yellow stripes
along the sides of the body.
- For
65-100 days old crop, one egg or larvae per plant or 5-10 % infested
fruiting bodies is the ETL.
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Damage
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- The
larvae feed on the leaves initially and then bore in to the
square/bolls and seeds with its head thrust into the boll,
leaving the rest of the body outside.
- A
single larva can damage 30-40 bolls.
- The
entry holes are large and circular at the base of the boll.
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Cultural Control
|
- Plough
deeply, clean cultivation to expose the resting pupae, crop rotation and
avoidance of ratooning reduces pest population.
- Use
tolerant varieties.
- Trap
cropping with crops like tomato, and destroying them when the population
is high.
- Use
of maize, and cowpea on borders and wild brinjal and setaria as
intercrop significantly helps in reducing the pest population.
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Mechanical
Control
|
- Cotton
is harvested in 3-4 pickings by hand as the boll mature.
- The
number of pickings varies with the maturity habit of the variety.
- Cotton
from damaged boll should not be kept with good quality cotton.
- Never
pick wet cotton.
- On
dew days, pick cotton in late mornings to avoid moisture in cotton.
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Biological
Control
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- Release
of egg parasitoids like Trichogramma chilonis or T.
brasielenis or T. achaea @ 1,50,000 /ha from
45th day onwards at 10-15 days interval (6 releases) and larval
parasitoids such as Chilonus blackburni orBracon brevicornis or Telenomus
heliothidae or Carcelia illota or Coteria
kazat or Campoletis chloridae @ 2000 adults/ha at 15
days interval.
- Release
pupa parasitoids Brachymeria sp.
- Release
of the predators Chrysoperla carnea or Scymnus
sp. or Eulophids would suppress the population of
larvae.
- Spray
HaNPV @ 250 LE/ha from 35th to 60th day of crop stage.
- Apply
B.t.k.I @ 1 kg/ha.
- Application
of fungal pathogens like Beauveria bassiana or Neumorea
riley under humid conditions is effective.
- Use
5% neem seed kernel extract (NSKE)
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Chemical Control
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- The
following insecticides are effective against the pest:
Endosulfan 35 EC 2.5 lit/ha; or
Quinalphos 25 EC 2.0 lit/ha; or
Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 lit/ha; or
Cypermethrin 10 EC 600-800 ml/ha
Trizophos 40 EC @ 1.5 lit/ha
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Pink bollworm (Pectinophora
gossypiella Saunders )
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Identification
& Monitoring
|
- This
is a major pest, is active from October - November.
- The
adult moths are dark with blackish spots on forewings. The margins of
hind wings are deeply fringed. Wing span is 8-9 mm.
- The
caterpillars are creamy yellow when young and turn pink when grown, 8-10
mm long with distinct brown head.
- Eggs are laid on the underside of tender parts of
the plant (shoots, flower buds, leaves and green bolls).
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Damage
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- The
damage is caused by the caterpillars by feeding on the flower buds,
panicles and bolls.
- The
holes of entry close down by excreta of larvae which are feeding inside
the seed kernels. They cut window holes in the two adjoining seeds
thereby forming "double seeds" and finally damage them.
- The
attacked buds and immature bolls drop off. Lint is destroyed, ginning
percentage and oil content are impaired.
- For
65-100 days crop, 5-10% infested fruiting bodies is the ETL.
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Cultural Control
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- Clean
cultivation and destruction of crop residues ( fallen leaves, twigs
etc.) before the onset of season.
- Plough
deeply to expose the hibernating larvae / pupae.
- Avoid
late sowing of the crop. Early sowing helps in early maturity
facilitating escape.
- Use
of tolerant varieties (Khandwa-2, JKH-1, Abadita, LH 900, Sujay and Desi
cotton).
- Withholding
irrigation water to avoid prolonged late boll production/ formation to
reduce the build up of over-wintering population.
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Mechanical
Control
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- Use
pheromone traps baited with insecticides to kill the pest/ monitor pest
population.
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Biological
Control
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- Release
of egg parasitoids Trichogramma chilonis or Bracon
elechidae or Elasmus johnstoni or pupal parasitoid Microbracon
lefroyi would keep in check the population of PBW.
- Encourage
the activities of predators Chrysoperla carnea or
Scymnus sp. or Triphles tantilus or Pyremotes ventricosus (mite) or
release them in the fields.
- Apply
bacterial formulations B.t.k. @1 kg/ha.
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Chemical Control
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- Hot
water treatment of the seeds up to 600C kill the hibernating larvae.
Treat the seeds with aluminium phosphide.
- Application
of insecticides like chlorpyriphos 20 EC or endosulfan 35 EC or
triazophos 40 EC @ 2.5 l/ha spray.
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Tobacco
caterpillar (Spodoptera litura Fab.)
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Identification
& Monitoring
- The
adult moth is stout with brownish forewings and whitish hind
wings.
- The
caterpillars are pale green with dark markings initially which later
turn dark brown with numerous transverse and longitudinal bands, 25-35
mm long.
- It
is found throughout the year.
- Set-up
pheromone traps to monitor the ETL.
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Damage
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- The
larvae feed gregariously on the under surface of the leaves and
skeletonize them
leaving only the mid-rib and veins in severe cases.
- They
also attack flowers, buds and squares causing considerable loss.
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Cultural Control
|
- Plough
deeply to expose the pupae and hibernating larvae.
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Mechanical
Control
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- Mechanical
collection when larvae are feeding in groups, i.e., the younger
larvae.
- Collection
and destruction of egg masses.
- Set-up
pheromone traps.
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Biological
Control
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- Release
egg parasitoids Trichogramma sp. (1.5 lakh/ha) and
larval parasitoids Chelonus blackburni or Telenomus remus or Bracon
sp.
- Release
of predators Chrysoperla carnea @ 50,000 /ha.
- Spray
Spodoptera NPV @ 250 LE/ha.
- Apply
B.t.k. @ 1 kg/ha.
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Chemical Control
|
- Spraying
of insecticides endosulfan 35 EC @ 600-750 ml/ ha effectively
reduces the population.
- Spraying
synthetic pyrethroids fenvalerate 20 EC @ 400-500 ml/ha or
cypermethrin 10 EC or decamethrin 2.8 EC @ 600 - 700 ml/ha is also effective.
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Spotted bollworm
(Earias insulana Boisd Earias vitella Fab. )
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Identification
& Monitoring
|
- These
are major pests
- E. vitella is
abundant in high rainfall areas and E. insulana in
areas of scanty rainfall.
- The
pest attacks the crop from 35-110 days of age.
- The
moths of both the species have wings of about 25 mm. The fore wings are
grassy green in E. insulana and pea green with a wedge
shaped white band running from base to outer margin in E.
vitella.
- Larva is about 20 mm long, spiny, brownish with
white streaks dorsally and pale yellow ventrally in E.vitella and
greenish white with black marks and orange spots on prothorax in E.
insulana.
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Damage
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- The
caterpillars cause damage by boring into the growing shoots, buds, flowers
and bolls.
- The
attacked shoots wither, droop and ultimately die, and flowers and buds
drop off.
- Infested
bolls do not shed, open prematurely and the quality of the lint is
spoiled due to rot setting.
Sometimes pupation takes place in the bolls itself
impairing the development of bolls.
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Cultural Control
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- Plough
deeply to expose resting pupae.
- Avoid
use of nitrogen fertilizers at the reproductive stage.
- Use
resistant varieties
- Planting
trap crop of bhendi, uprooting and burning it when the
larval population reaches its peak reduces infestation.
- Don't
extend the crop period.
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Mechanical
Control
|
- Collection
and destruction of plant debris and trash before sowing.
- Collection
and destruction of infested bolls.
- Set-up
pheromone traps @ 10/ha for monitoring the ETL and timing of spray.
- Set
up bird perches.
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Biological
Control
|
- Release
egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis, T.
brasiliensis, and larval parasitoids Chelonus blackburni orBracon
brevicornis or Apanteles sp. at 35 to 70 days.
- Conserve
and encourage the activity of the spiders Thomisus sp. and Neosiana
sp.
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Chemical Control
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- Spray
insecticides like endosulfan 35 EC or triazophos 40 EC @2.5 l/ha or
cypermethrin 10 EC @ 600-800 ml/ha.
- Avoid
use of conventional sprays repeatedly. Use neem based insecticides like
5% neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) and commercial neem based
formulations @ 500-600 ml/ha, starting from 45 days age of the crop or
when ETL is reached.
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Sap Feeders
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Jassids (Amrasca biguttula
biguttula)
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Identification
& Monitoring
|
- Pest
attacks the crop during 1-50 days age and attack is severe during
winter.
- Adults
are about 3 mm long and greenish yellow during summer whereas they
develop reddish tinge during winter. The hind portion of the forewings
has two black spots on the vertex.
- Nymphs
are greenish yellow and wedge shaped.
- The
eggs are laid into the parenchymatous tissue of the leaves.
- Nymph
and adult stages last for 7-21 days and 35-50 days respectively. There
are a total of 7-8 generations in a
year.
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Damage
|
- Both
adults and nymphs suck sap from the underside of the leaves and
devitalize the plants.
- Leaves
turn pale, red rust, curls downwards and dry up when infestation is
severe.
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Cultural Control
|
- Sow
the crop early.
- Use
resistant varieties such as Khandwa-2 or the varieties having leaves
rich in tannin contents.
- Do
not use high doses of "N" fertilizers.
- Grow
cowpea/onion/soybean as an intercrop in cotton to reduce early stage
pest.
- Use
okhra as trap crop.
- Adopt
proper crop rotation.
- Summer
deep ploughing to expose soil inhabitating insects.
- Remove
and destroy crop residues/alternate host plants.
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Mechanical
Control
|
- Use
yellow sticky traps.
- Hand
picking and destruction of various insect stages.
- Destruction
of affected plant parts.
- Destruction
of stressed floral bodies.
- Destruction
of resettled flowers.
- Installation
of bird perches: "T" shape wooden/bamboo sticks @ 50/ha should
be erected for encouraging predatory birds like king crow, mynah
and blue jay.
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Biological
Control
|
- Release
predator Chrysoperla carnea or Coccinella
septumpunctata or Syrphus / Scymnus sp.
- Conserve
spiders Distina albida and ants like Camponotus sp.
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Chemical Control
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- Apply
chemical pesticides only if pest population crosses the ETL.
- Spray
methyl demeton 25 EC or dimethoate 30 EC.
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Identification
& Monitoring
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- Pest is active from June-October and
February-April.
- Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects with a pair of tubular structures.
Aphids live in colonies and reproduce parthenogeneticlly.
- Nymphs are light yellowish green, or greenish black or brownish. Nymphal
period lasts for 7-9 days.
- Adults are mostly wingless, but few winged forms can also be seen with thin
transparent wings. Adults live for 12-20 days.
- Females are either lay eggs or directly produce young ones which mature in
about 7 days, hence population increases very fast.
- Leaves appear shiny and sticky due to honey dew excreted by the insects.
- later, sooty mold grow on honey dew and leaves have a black coating.
- Cool weather and humid conditions favour the rapid growth, while heavy
rains wash away the aphid colonies.
- Optimal temperature is 25-30 deg C. Low light is favourable whereas strong
light reduces longevity.
- 15-20% affected plants counted randomly or
appearance of honey dew on 50% plants
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Damage
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- Both
adults and nymphs suck sap from the tender leaves, twigs and buds, and
weakens the plants.
- Leaf
crumbling and downwards curling
- Each
aphid makes several punctures and excretes honeydew which encourages
development of sooty mold on twigs and leaves and this leaves a
blackened look of the plants.
- Honeydew
attracts ants and sooty mold aids in the development of pathogenic
bacteria.
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Cultural Control
|
- Avoid
late sowing and excessive use of "N" fertilizers.
- Destroy
infested shoots during early stages.
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Mechanical
Control
|
- Handpicking
and destruction of various insect stages and the affected plant parts.
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Biological
Control
|
- Release
predator Chrysoperla carnea or Coccinella septumpunctata or Syrphus /
Scymnus sp.
- Conserve
spiders Distina albida and ants like Camponotus sp.
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Chemical Control
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- Seed
treatment with imidacloprid (5 g/kg seed) keeps the crop free of sucking
pests over a month.
- Apply
chemical pesticides only if pest population crosses the ETL.
- Spray
chemicals dimethoate 30 EC or methyl demeton 25 EC @ 500-700 ml/ha when
the population reached ETL.
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Identification
& Monitoring
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- The
pest is active from May- September.
- The
adults are slender, yellowish brown, 1 mm long.
- The
tip of the abdomen is curved and abdominal segments are transversely
banded with dark brown lines.
- Males
are wingless and females have a long narrow strap like wings, fringed
with hairs.
- Nypms
are smaaler in size and blackish in colour.
- The
eggs are laid in slits in leaf tissues; eggs hatch in 5 days time,
nymphal and pupal period lasts for 5 and 4-6 days, respectively.
- The
adults survive for 2-4 weeks.
- High
temperature with low rainfall favours multiplication
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Damage
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- The
nyphms and adults suck sap from the lower surface of leaves lacerating
the leaf tissues.
- The
upper side of the older leaves turn brown and the lower side becomes
silvery white.
- Leaves
become curled, wrinkled and finally get dried.
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Cultural Control
|
- Avoid
Late sowing.
- Grow
cowpea/onion/soybean as an intercrop in cotton to reduce early stage
pest.
- Deep
ploughing in summer and weed free field and surroundings.
- Grow
certified acid delinted seeds of tolerant varieties.
- Removal
of alternate host plants like kangni and ambadi.
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Biological
Control
|
- Encourage
the activity of parasitoids Thripoctenus briu, Triphleps tantilus and
mite Campsid sp.
- Release
Trichogramma Chilonis 1.5 lacs/ha and Chrysoperella grubs @ 1-2 plants.
- Release
Chrysoperla cornea @ 2 larvae/plant in early stage of the plant and 4
larvae/plant in later stage.
- Release
Cheilomenes sexmaculata @ 1.5 lakh adults/ha at random on crop canopy.
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Chemical Control
|
- Apply
NSKE 5% (neem seed kernel extract) to control sucking pests.
- Apply
methyl demton 25 EC @ 1500 ml/ha; or
- Trizophos
40 EC @ 1500 ml/ha; or
- Dimethoate
30 EC @ 750 ml/ha; or
- Cartap
hydrochloride @ 50 SP @ 1000 g/ha; or
- Etho
fenprox 10 EC @ 1000 gm/ha
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Identification
& Monitoring
|
- The
pest occur throughout the year. Generally infests the crop from November
to February.
- Nymphs
and adults are sluggish creatures, clustered together on the under
surface of the leaves.
- Nymphs
are pale yellow and adults are yellowish with white waxy coating on the
body.
- The
hind wings are prominently long.
- Eggs
are laid singly on the under surface of the leaves.
- Routinely
check all parts of all fields for whiteflies using adult and nymph
scouting methods.
- When
populations exceed the thresholds, treat them where needed.
- Be
especially alert for rapid whitefly buildup when nearby host crops are
in decline.
- Sticky
traps may be useful for detecting whitefly movement into cotton fields.
- Timely
insecticide treatment prevents outbreaks and reduces the chance of sticky
cotton and yield loss. Always use action thresholds for insecticide application.
Damage
|
- The
nymphs and adults feed on the cell sap, reduce the vitality of the plant
interfering with normal photosynthesis due to the excretion of honeydew
and formation of sooty mold all the over surface of the leaf and lints
of opened bolls resulting in process of blackening.
- Chlortic
spots develop on leaves and in severe cases the vein becomes
translucent, thickened and in many cases it drops off prematurely.
- Sooty
mold contaminates the lint.
- The
insects help in transmitting and spreading of leaf curl virus (CLCV)
disease.
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Cultural Control
|
- Avoid
late sowing and adopt crop rotation with crop which is not the host of
white fly wherever crop rotation is recommended.
- Use
resistant varieties K-2.
- Cultivate
alternate host crops such as tomato and castor on the boundaries to trap
and destroy them.
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Mechanical
Control
|
- Set
up yellow pan sticky traps at various places at the canopy height in
field.
- Remove
and destroy crop residues after last picking.
- Removal
of alternate host plants like kangni and ambadi.
|
Biological
Control
|
- Encourage
activities of parasitiods like Encarsia shafeei or Eretmocerous mundus.
- Release
predators such as Chrysoperla Carnea or Melachilus Sexaculatus or
Coccinella septampunctata or Brumus sp. or Scymnus sp.
- Release
Chrysoperla cornea @ 2 larvae/plant in early stage of the plant and 4
larvae/plant in later stage.
- Release
Cheilomenes sexmaculata @ 1.5 lakh adults/ha at random on crop canopy.
- Spray
neem products 1500 ppm.
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Chemical Control
|
- Apply
insecticide monocrotophos 36 WSC or Quinalphos 25 EC or methyl demeton
25 C or aephate or trizophos or profenophos at fortnightly intervals.
- The
application of syntheic pyrethroids (cypermethrin or decamethrin) be
restricted or used in rotation with conventional insecticides.
- Apply
Neem oil + Teepol @3-3.5 litres + 500 ml/ha.
- Apply
fish oil resin soap @1.4-1.5 kg/ha.
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Foliage and Shoot Feeders
|
|
Identification
& Monitoring
|
- This
pest is a minor pest
- The
pest is active during July-November.
- The
adult moths are dull yellow and are profusely covered with hairs, pale
buff
crimson abdomen with black spots.
- The
caterpillars are gregarious in nature, brownish orange to yellow, 40-45
mm long and with hairy head.
- Eggs
are laid in clusters on the under surface of leaves and pupation takes
place in soil or in plant debris in cocoons.
- The life cycle is completed in 6-12 weeks.
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Damage
|
- Caterpillars
feed on the leaves voraciously and defoliate the plants, leaving only
the mid-ribs and veins in severe cases.
|
Cultural Control
|
- Planting
of castor crop along the borders.
|
Mechanical
Control
|
- Collection
and destruction of egg masses.
- Mechanical
removal of young larvae, up to 10-14 days of age.
|
Biological
Control
|
- Release
larval parasite Apanteles diacrisiae.
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Chemical Control
|
- Dust
the crop with methyl parathion 2% or malathion 5% @30 kg/ha
OR
- Spray
the crop with Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ @ 1.5 lit/ha or endosulfan 35EC
@1.25 lit/ha.
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